Ukuvela Kokuhlinzwa Kwezinzwa Nokuhlinzwa Okuncane: Intuthuko Ephambili Kwezesayensi Yezokwelapha

Ukuhlinzwa Kwezinzwa, okwaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 eYurophu, akuzange kube yisikhungo sokuhlinzwa esihlukile kwaze kwaba ngu-Okthoba 1919. Isibhedlela saseBrigham eBoston sasungula esinye sezikhungo zokuqala zokuhlinzwa kwezinzwa emhlabeni ngo-1920. Kwakuyisikhungo esizinikele esinesistimu ephelele yezokwelapha egxile kuphela ekuhlinzeni izinzwa. Ngemva kwalokho, kwasungulwa iNhlangano Yabahlinza Izinzwa, lo mkhakha waqanjwa ngokusemthethweni, futhi waqala ukuthonya intuthuko yokuhlinzwa kwezinzwa emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, ezigabeni zokuqala zokuhlinzwa kwezinzwa njengensimu ekhethekile, amathuluzi okuhlinza ayengabalulekile, amasu ayengakavuthwa, ukuphepha kokubulala izinzwa kwakungekuhle, futhi izindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa nokutheleleka, ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala kobuchopho, kanye nokucindezeleka okuphansi kwangaphakathi kobuchopho zazingekho. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlinzwa kwakungatholakali kalula, futhi amazinga okufa ahlala ephezulu.

Ukuhlinzwa kwezinzwa kwanamuhla kubangelwa intuthuko yayo ngenxa yentuthuko ezintathu ezibalulekile ngekhulu le-19. Okokuqala, ukwethulwa kwe-anesthesia kwenza iziguli zakwazi ukuhlinzwa ngaphandle kobuhlungu. Okwesibili, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yobuchopho (izimpawu nezimpawu ze-neurological) kwasiza odokotela abahlinzayo ekuxilongeni nasekuhleleni izinqubo zokuhlinzwa. Okokugcina, ukwethulwa kwamasu okulwa namagciwane nokusebenzisa imikhuba ye-aseptic kwavumela odokotela abahlinzayo ukunciphisa ingozi yezinkinga zangemva kokuhlinzwa ezibangelwa ukutheleleka.

EShayina, insimu yokuhlinzwa kwemizwa yasungulwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 futhi ibone intuthuko enkulu phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili yemizamo yokuzinikela kanye nentuthuko. Ukusungulwa kokuhlinzwa kwemizwa njengomkhakha kwavula indlela yokuthuthuka kwezindlela zokuhlinzwa, ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, kanye nemfundo yezokwelapha. Odokotela abahlinzayo bemizwa baseShayina benze iminikelo emangalisayo kule nsimu, kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle, futhi badlale indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umkhuba wokuhlinzwa kwemizwa.

Ekuphetheni, insimu yokuhlinzwa kwemizwa iye yathuthuka ngokuphawulekayo kusukela yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Kusukela ngezinsizakusebenza ezimbalwa nokubhekana namazinga aphezulu okufa, ukwethulwa kwe-anesthesia, amasu okuthola indawo yobuchopho, kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula ukutheleleka ezithuthukisiwe kuguqule ukuhlinzwa kwemizwa kwaba yinsimu ekhethekile yokuhlinzwa. Imizamo yobuphayona yaseShayina kokubili ekuhlinzeni kwemizwa kanye nasekuhlinzeni okuncane iye yaqinisa isikhundla sayo njengomholi womhlaba wonke kulezi zindawo. Ngokuqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuzinikela, lezi zifundo zizoqhubeka nokukhula futhi zifake isandla ekuthuthukiseni ukunakekelwa kweziguli emhlabeni jikelele.